Libris Britannia 4/science library(b).zip/science library(b)/ENGINEER/H486.ZIP/GRNDWTR.ZIP/GRNDWATR.KB

Text File | 1991-12-06 | 71KB | 1,920 lines

(* Groundwater Education System (C)                                  *)
(* (C) Copyright, 1989 by Purdue Research Foundation,                *)
(* West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.  All Rights Reserved.              *)
(* Unless permission is granted, this material shall not             *)
(* be copied, reproduced or coded for reproduction by                *)
(* any electrical, mechanical or chemical processes, or              *)
(* combinations thereof, now known or later developed.               *)

(* For additional information about this software contact:           *)
(* Bernie Engel, AGEN, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907   *)


no_debug ().
no_edit_key ().
load ('picture.hkb').
load ('picgraph.hkb').

do ('Title').

do ('Main Program').

topic 'Title'.
picgraph (purdue).
picture (title).
say ('



     To use this program follow these simple instructions...

     Press the SPACEBAR to continue.
     Use the PAGE-UP and PAGE-DOWN keys to turn pages.
     Use F3 to move the highlight bar and F4 to select.


     If you want more instructions press here...

                          #mIntroduction to Hypertext#m
').
say ('

                        Groundwater Education System


                     #mJames Gurganus#m, Knowledge Engineer

                     #mBernard Engel#m, Assistant Professor


                          Agricultural Engineering
                              Purdue University

                  Copyright 1989 Purdue Research Foundation
                             All Rights Reserved


     This is a #mhypertext system#m designed for education concerning one of
                  America''s major resources...groundwater.
').

topic 'Introduction to Hypertext'.
say ('     This is a hypertext system.  A summary of the directions follows:
     To advance from one section to another, press the SPACEBAR or click the
left mouse button on SPACE at the bottom of the screen.
     To advance from one page to the next in a section, press either the
PAGE-DOWN Key or click the left mouse button on "Page" at the bottom of the
screen.
     To return to a previous page within a section, press either the PAGE-UP
Key or click the right mouse button on "Page" at the bottom of the screen.
     To engage a hypertext link, first select the topic by the F3 Key or
by moving the cursor on it with the mouse.  Then, press the F4 Key or press
the left mouse button.
     Some pictures have hyperlinks also, to use these, select the topic with
the F3 key or by moving the arrow with the mouse.  Then, press the F4 Key or
the left mouse button to engage the topic.
     To exit a picture without selecting a topic, press the SPACEBAR or the
right mouse button.
     Here is what a hyperlink looks like.  #mSample#m.
     You may try the hypertext capabilities on it if you wish.  Otherwise,
press the SPACEBAR or click on SPACE at the bottom of the screen to continue.
').
end.

topic 'Sample'.
window ('Sample',cyan,red,yellow,,,,6).
say ('
     VERY GOOD!  You have just demonstrated to yourself the
capabilities of a hypertext system.  Whenever you see a word or
phrase highlighted that you wish more information on, just select
it.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'hypertext system'.
do ('Introduction to Hypertext').
end.

topic 'Bernard Engel'.
window ('Bernard Engel',lightgreen,magenta,yellow).
say ('
  For additional information concerning this software, contact:

                      Bernard Engel
                      Assistant Professor
                      Agricultural Engineering
                      Purdue University
                      West Lafayette, IN 47907

                      Phone: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'James Gurganus'.
window ('James Gurganus',lightgreen,blue,yellow,,,,15).
say ('
     James Gurganus is a senior (as of 1989) at F. J. Reitz High
School in Evansville, Indiana.  He designed the Groundwater
Education System during the #mHigh School Apprenticeship Program#m in
which students selected from high schools (by application) do
research for professors at Purdue University for around minimum
wage.  His job was to create a knowledge base that answers four
questions:
               1.  What is groundwater?
               2.  Why is groundwater important?
               3.  What contaminates groundwater and how?
               4.  What does one do if their groundwater becomes
                   contaminated?
     His knowledge base, the Groundwater Education System,  has
achieved much interest on the Purdue Campus and beyond.
').
end.

end.

topic 'High School Apprenticeship Program'.
window ('High School Apprenticeship Program',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,,12).
say ('
 Purdue University Agricultural Research Apprenticeship Program

     For an application form or additional information, contact:

             Dr. Karl G. Brandt
             School of Agriculture
             Agricultural Administration Building
             Purdue University
             West Lafayette, IN 47907
             Phone: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Main Program'.
do ('Groundwater').
do ('The Menu').

topic 'The Menu'.
write (con:,'#e


     "Groundwater" is divided into several sections.

     Choose the section you would like to see.').
list is ['Groundwater','Graphics','Current Events','Further Reading','Questionnaire',
         'The Quiz','Quit'].
move_cursor (5,10).
menu (choice,?list).
if ?choice <> 'Quit' then do (?choice) and do ('The Menu').
end.

topic 'Current Events'.
articles is 0. dummy is 0.
do ('read info').
close ('articles.dat').
do ('show options').

topic 'read info'.
eof is number_to_char (26).
dummy is read_line ('articles.dat').
if ?dummy=?eof or '' then exit().
options gets ?dummy.
dummy is read_line ('articles.dat').
if ?dummy=?eof or '' then exit().
articles_filename gets ?dummy.
articles is ?articles+1.
do ('read info').
end.

topic 'show options'.
write (con:,'#e #n Here are the articles available for reading.').
move_cursor (3,5).
options_menu is sublist (?options,1,?articles).
options_menu gets 'Quit.'.
menu (choice,?options_menu).
if ?choice='Quit.' then exit().
choice_filename is element (?articles_filename,where (?options,?choice)).
text is read (?choice_filename).
close (?choice_filename).
say (?text).
do ('show options').
end.

end.

topic 'Graphics'.
write (con:, '#e
      Choose the graphic image you would like to view.

').
move_cursor (5,3).
list is ['Purdue Logo','Title Screen','Groundwater Definition',
     'Hydrologic Cycle','Water Consumption','Draw-Down Effect',
     'Average Annual Rainfall','Perched Water Table',
     'Indiana Groundwater Availability','Indiana Aquifers',
     'Backflow Prevention','U.S. Water Sources','Water Treatment',
     'Chemical Spill Series','Quit.'].
picfilename is ['purdue','title','grndwtr','hydrolog','consume','drawdown',
     'rainfall','perchwtr','indiana','indaqufr','backflow','usawater',
     'treat'].
menu (choice,?list).
if ?choice<>'Quit.' and ?choice<>'Chemical Spill Series' then
   picfile is element (?picfilename,where (?list,?choice)) and
   picture (?picfile) and
   do ('Graphics').
if ?choice='Chemical Spill Series' then do ('chemical spill') and
   do ('Graphics').
end.


topic 'Groundwater'.
do ('Definition of Groundwater').
do ('Importance of Groundwater').
do ('Contamination of Groundwater').
do ('What if Groundwater becomes Contaminated?').
end.

topic 'Definition of Groundwater'.
say ('
                       The Definition of Groundwater

    Groundwater is the water beneath the surface that can be collected with
wells, tunnels, or drainage galleries, or that flows naturally to the earth''s
surface via seeps or springs.  Groundwater is the water that is pumped by
wells and flows out through springs.
').
do ('Groundwater Picture').
end.

topic 'Groundwater Picture'.
select is element (picture ('grndwtr',black,lightgray,N,
[['recharge area',t,546,35],
['water table',t,403,89],
['nonflowing artesian well',t,345,54],
['water table well',t,219,47],
['flowing artesian well',t,190,84],
['surface water stream or pond',t,67,117],
['spring',t,178,126],
['water table aquifer',t,150,172],
['confining bed',t,145,208],
['artesian aquifer',t,122,249],
['confining bed',t,146,291],
['consolidated rock',t,298,299]]),2).
if ?select <> '' then do (?select) and do ('Groundwater Picture').
end.

topic 'recharge area'.
window ('Recharge Area',lightcyan,green,yellow,,,,7).
say ('
     A recharge area is an area that allows water to enter the
#maquifer#m.  The area is particularly vulnerable to any pollutants
that could be in the water.  If pavement is constructed over this
area, less water can enter the aquifer.  This could mean a water
shortage to those people using the groundwater from the aquifer.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Aquifer'.
window ('Aquifer',lightgreen,red,yellow,,,,4).
say ('
     An aquifer is a layer of ground that allows water to pass
through easily.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'water table'.
window ('Water Table',brown,lightgray,yellow,,,,10).
say ('
     The water table is the level at which the water stays.  It
is the very top of the zone of saturation.  A few centimeters
above this level water can also be found due to capillary action.
In the presence of a pumping well, the water table will drop
around the well.  This situation is called #mdrawdown#m. Under some
conditions, a #mperched water table#m may exist.  This occurs when the
water percolation is interrupted by another confining layer above
the "main" one.
').
close_window ().

topic 'drawdown'.
picture (drawdown).
end.

topic 'perched water table'.
picture (perchwtr).
end.

end.

topic 'nonflowing artesian well'.
window ('Nonflowing Artesian Well',red,cyan,yellow,,,,6).
say ('
     A nonflowing artesian well occurs when the pressure is not
great enough to force the water out of the well.  In this
diagram, this is apparent because the flowing artesian well is at
a lower elevation than the non-flowing artesian well.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'water table well'.
window ('Water Table Well',black,lightmagenta,yellow,,,,4).
say ('
     A water table well is a well that only extends down into the
water table aquifer.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'flowing artesian well'.
window ('Flowing Artesian Well',darkgray,lightcyan,yellow,,,,8).
say ('
     A flowing artesian well is one that has penetrated into a
artesian aquifer.  Artesian aquifers have pressure built up
within themselves.  This pressure results from a portion of the
aquifer being at a higher elevation as shown in the figure.  The
pressure is released when a well is bored into it.  This causes
the well to flow spontaneously.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'surface water stream or pond'.
window ('Surface Water Stream or Pond',lightred,blue,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     A surface water stream or pond is caused by a high water
table.  Also, a high water table can result from a stream and
pond in that area.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'spring'.
window ('Spring',red,lightgray,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     A natural spring occurs when the water table is higher than
the ground surface.  Pressure forces the water out of the land at
a weak point which creates the spring.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'water table aquifer'.
window ('Water Table Aquifer',yellow,brown,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     The water table aquifer is an #maquifer#m that supports the
water table.  The top limit to this aquifer is the water table
itself.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'confining bed'.
window ('Confining Bed',lightgreen,cyan,yellow,,,,7).
say ('
     A confining bed is a layer of ground that resists water
penetration.  This layer is typically finer textured and denser
than above layers of soil.  Confining beds can keep water from
seeping to unreachable depths, but can also prevent water from
reaching aquifers.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'artesian aquifer'.
window ('Artesian Aquifer',lightred,blue,yellow,,,,9).
say ('
     An artesian aquifer is an #maquifer#m that has pressure built
up inside.  This pressure is the result of the recharge area of
the aquifer being at a higher level than the rest of the aquifer
region.  The force of gravity pulls the higher water down which
creates extra pressure inside the aquifer.  This is why artesian
wells flow by themselves; the pressure forces the water out of
the well.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'consolidated rock'.
window ('Consolidated Rock',lightgreen,cyan,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Consolidated rock is rock that contains very few holes or
cracks for water to get through.  Unconsolidated rock is rock
such as gravel. Consolidated rock can serve as a #mconfining bed#m.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Importance of Groundwater'.
say ('
                       The Importance of Groundwater

     Groundwater is the primary source of water for 50 percent of the
#mAmerican population#m and is 95 percent for those people in rural areas.  In
#mIndiana#m, 58 percent of the population uses groundwater.
     Groundwater plays an important role in the #mhydrological cycle#m.
Groundwater is also important to those who have #mlimited precipitation#m each
year.  #mWater usage#m in itself is vital to the normal operation of our daily
lives.
     Groundwater is the safest and most reliable source of available
#mfreshwater#m.  Only #fyellow three percent#d of Earth''s freshwater is located in streams,
lakes, and reservoirs.  The remaining #fyellow 97 percent#d of freshwater is
underground.



                           ...more on next page...

     Water is obviously a major resource of the United States.  Ninety percent
of this water resource is groundwater.  Groundwater can also be utilized for
energy production in the form of #mgeothermal energy#m as well as energy
conservation by using #mheat pumps#m.  In America, the amount of #mwater usage#m
for each person is 168 gallons per day.  United States agriculture uses two-
thirds of the estimated 88 billion gallons per day of groundwater withdrawals
for irrigation.
     In Indiana, 58 percent of the total population uses groundwater as their
water source.  Of the public supply systems in Indiana, 43 percent use
groundwater.  And of the people who live in rural areas in Indiana, 87 percent
use groundwater.  About 500,000 individual homes, 425 public water systems,
350 mobile home parks, and 2,500 non-community water supplies are dependent on
groundwater.  Rural residential use of groundwater is projected to increase by
44 percent by the year 2000.  Groundwater is vital for Indiana''s industrial
and agricultural growth and development.  According to reports in 1985 for
Indiana, industry uses an average of 190 million gallons per day of
groundwater, irrigation currently consumes an average of 200 million gallons
per day during the growing season and livestock operations depend on an
average of 45 million gallons per day.              ...more on next page...

     The availability and quality of groundwater varies widely across the
state of #mIndiana#m.  In general, well yields range from less than five gallons
per minute in bedrock aquifers in southwest Indiana to several thousand
gallons per minute wells in #maquifers#m beneath and adjacent to Indiana''s major
rivers.
     Most #mfreshwater#m or potable groundwater in Indiana occurs at depths of 40
feet to 300 feet.  Highly mineralized waters are usually found at greater
depths.  Much of Indiana''s groundwater is #mmoderately to excessively hard#m,
from the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium, and frequently contains
unwanted levels of iron, manganese, or hydrogen sulfide, that conventional
water treatment can correct for normal use.
').
end.

topic 'aquifers'.
picture (indaqufr).
window ('Indiana Aquifers',lightcyan,red,yellow,,,,7).
say ('
     Most of Indiana''s aquifer system originates from the
ice age.  Glaciers during this period pushed down material that
created aquifers in their present location.  Notice the
similarities between Indiana''s aquifers and the Indiana
#mgroundwater availability map#m.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'groundwater availability map'.
do ('Indiana').
end.

topic 'moderately to excessively hard'.
do ('softened water').
end.

topic 'hydrological cycle'.
select is element (picture ('hydrolog',black,lightgray,N,
[['evaporation',t,329,84],
['evaporation',t,209,115],
['evaporation',t,231,150],
['transpiration',t,300,176],
['evaporation',t,365,198],
['precipitation',t,118,72],
['infiltration',t,45,207],
['deep percolation',t,88,298],
['evaporation',t,502,231],
['evaporation',t,606,217],
['rain gage',t,93,183],
['vapors',t,328,34],
['runoff',t,417,208],
['observation well',t,197,242],
['evaporation station',t,338,263],
['quality of water station',t,513,297],
['aquifer',t,50,340],
['snow course survey',t,18,98]]),2).
if ?select <> '' then do (?select) and do ('hydrological cycle').
end.

topic 'evaporation'.
window ('Evaporation',lightmagenta,red,yellow,,,,4).
say ('
     Evaporation is the process of water molecules gaining enough
energy to convert from a liquid form into a gaseous form.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'transpiration'.
window ('Transpiration',lightgreen,red,yellow,,,,7).
say ('
     Transpiration is one of the functions of plants.  During
photosynthesis, plants give and take water from the atmosphere
for their chemical reactions. The water they use is already in
gaseous state so it does not need to evaporate; the water goes
directly into the atmosphere.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'precipitation'.
window ('Precipitation',lightcyan,red,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Precipitation is the act of moisture falling from the clouds
in any way or form.  The precipitation could be in rain, snow,
sleet, or hail.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'infiltration'.
window ('Infiltration',lightcyan,brown,yellow,,,,6).
say ('
     Infiltration is the process of water moving down through the
soil.  Any pollutants dissolved in the water will enter the soil
along with it.  This is how accidents such as a #mchemical spill#m
can contaminate groundwater.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'deep percolation'.
window ('Deep Percolation',lightgreen,brown,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Deep percolation is the process of water continuing to move
through the soil at lower levels.  This is very similar to
infiltration.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'rain gage'.
window ('Rain Gage',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Rain gages are the devices used to measure the rainfall.
Most rain gages used today can also be used to measure frozen
precipitation as well.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'vapors'.
window ('Vapors',lightgreen,cyan,yellow,,,,6).
say ('
     Vapors are the water molecules in gaseous form.  When the
vapors begin to condense around dust particles in the air, one
can see the development as clouds.  When enough condensation
occurs, precipitation falls from the cloud.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'runoff'.
window ('Runoff',red,green,yellow,,,,6).
say ('
     Runoff is the excess water flowing off the land.  This is
water that was unable to infiltrate the soil.  Plants, plant
residue, and other debris on the land can help stop or slow the
water flow and give it the opportunity to seep into the soil.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'observation well'.
window ('Observation Well',lightcyan,green,yellow,,,,4).
say ('
     An observation well monitors the level of the water table in
the ground.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'evaporation station'.
window ('Evaporation Station',darkgray,green,yellow,,,,3).
say ('
     An evaporation station monitors the rate of evaporation.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'quality of water station'.
window ('Quality of Water and Stream Gaging Station',lightmagenta,red,yellow
        ,,,,5).
say ('
     The quality of water and stream gaging stations record the
quality of the water.  They also monitor the water level and
other water information.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'snow course survey'.
window ('Snow Course Survey',lightcyan,brown,yellow,,,,4).
say ('
     The snow course survey calculates the amount of snowfall in
its area.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'limited precipitation'.
picture (rainfall).
window ('Limited Precipitation',lightgreen,cyan,yellow,,,,7).
say ('
     In areas that have low rainfall, groundwater is of special
importance because in these areas surface water is virtually
nonexistent.  If conditions are particularly arid, then
groundwater supplies will also suffer due to the lack of
replenishment.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'water usage'.
picture (consume).
window ('Water Usage',red,green,yellow,,,,8).
say ('
     It is evident from this graph that everyday tasks such as
flushing a toilet consume large amounts of water.  There are
ways, however, to reduce these amounts with economy #mwater saving#m
devices.  If measures to save water aren''t taken now, economy
devices may eventually have to be required for all machines using
water in any way because of water shortages.
').
close_window ().

topic 'water saving'.
window ('Water Saving',lightcyan,red,yellow).
say ('
     Unbelievable amounts of water can be saved by taking simple
water saving measures.  Water use can be cut to an amazing 89
percent in some cases.  Some water-saving fixtures can be found
as standard options on appliances that use water.  The following
tables describe how water can be saved in numerical form.  About
70 percent of the total water used in the home is for toilet
flushing, laundry, and baths.  So, the most significant water
savings can be made in these areas.
                    ...more on next page...

Fixture                Liters per Use          Water Savings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Toilets
   Conventional              19                      ---
   Common Low-Flush          13                      32%
   Washdown                   4                      79%
   Air-Assisted               2                      89%
Clothes Washers
   Conventional             140                      ---
   Water Recycle            100                      29%
   Front-Loading             80                      43%
Fixture               Liters per Minute         Water Savings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Showerheads
   Conventional              19                      ---
   Common Low-Flow           11                      42%
   Flow-Limiting              7                      63%
   Air-Assisted               2                      89%
Faucets
   Conventional              12                      ---
   Common Low-Flow           10                      17%
   Flow-Limiting              6                      50%
').
close_window ().
end.

end.

topic 'freshwater'.
window ('Freshwater',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Freshwater is water as opposed to saltwater found in the
oceans and some seas.  Freshwater, under most circumstances,
contains less salt than saltwater.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'american population'.
picture (usawater).
window ('American Population Water Supply',lightgreen,red,yellow,,,,7).
say ('
     As was evident in the map, groundwater is the only source of
water for many people.  In many states, all of the rural citizens
use groundwater for their water supply.  In some states,
groundwater is used as the public supply for most of the
population.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Indiana'.
picture (indiana).
window ('Indiana Groundwater Availability',lightcyan,blue,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Indiana''s groundwater availability is basically caused by
the location and type of aquifers in the state.  See also the
map of Indiana''s #maquifers#m.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'geothermal energy'.
window ('Geothermal Energy',lightcyan,brown,yellow).
say ('
     Groundwater is heated at an increase of about 1 to 5 degrees
Celcius per 100 meters depth increase.  Places where the water
heats at a faster rate are called geothermal anomalies.  These
are associated with tectonic plate friction at the boundaries and
volcanic activity.  In these particular areas, the earth''s crust
is relatively thin allowing thermal springs and geysers to appear
as surface manifestations of geothermal anomalies.

                     ...more on next page...

     The temperature of deep geothermal water can be above 100
degrees Celcius and temperatures of 200 to 300 degrees Celcius
are not uncommon.  When this water nears the surface, the
surrounding rock absorbs most of this heat leaving the water
emerging with a temperature below the boiling point.  When the
water rises rapidly, however, there is little time for the heat
to be absorbed.  When this occurs, the water flashes into steam
because of decreased pressure and high temperature.  This steam
is what is utilized for geothermal energy production.

                     ...more on next page...
     The use of geothermal energy for electrical-power generation
is receiving increasing amounts of interest as new additional
energy sources must be found.  The amount of heat in Earth''s
crust is tremendous.  Within a depth of 10 kilometers (the
practical limit to drilling), the total amount of heat stored is
estimated at 3 X 10^26 calories.  About one-fourth of this energy
is under the continents.  This is more than 5,000 times the heat
energy in world coal resources.  In the United States alone, the
heat within 10 kilometers depth is about 8 X 10^24 calories.
This is equivalent to 9.3 X 10^18 kiloWatt hours.
').
end.

topic 'heat pumps'.
window ('Heat-Pumps',lightmagenta,red,yellow).
say ('     Since groundwater temperatures are relatively constant all
year at depths below 10 to 20 meters.  The groundwater
temperatures in this area are the same as the local average
annual air temperatures.  The constancy of the temperatures in
groundwater is an important factor for heat pumps.  Heat pumps
operate by pumping heat into the water to cool the home and by
pumping heat out of the water to heat the home.  Heat pumps first
used air for pumping heat in or out, but groundwater is receiving
increased attention because the air temperatures fluctuate too
much in some areas.
                   ...more on next page...
     For example, if the air temperature is near freezing as in
the winter, it takes much more energy to pump enough heat out
of the air to heat the home.  Since the groundwater is higher
than the air temperature - around 10 to 15 degrees Celcius - it
is much more economical to use the water than the air.  The
principal holds true for the summer as well.  Groundwater cooler
than the air is much more receptive to take in the heat than the
hot air.  At current gas prices, heat pumps, which operate on
electricity, are much more efficient than using natural gas to
heat the home.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Contamination of Groundwater'.
say ('
                     The Contamination of Groundwater

     Groundwater, under most conditions, is safer and more reliable for use
than surface water.  Part of the reason for this is that surface water is
more readily exposed to pollutants from factories, for example, than
groundwater is.  This by no means says that groundwater is invulnerable to
contamination.  Once groundwater is contaminated, it is an extremely costly
operation to remove the contaminate.  Any chemicals that are easily soluble
and penetrate the soil are prime candidates for groundwater pollutants.
     The list of contaminates for groundwater is long.  Some contaminates such
as arsenic, occur naturally in some areas of the earth''s crust.  Also, salt
in large concentrations can be considered a contaminate.  Groundwater on the
average is more saline than surface water but still cannot be considered
saltwater.  Also, groundwater contains more sodium, boron, and nitrate than
surface water does.  Another problem with groundwater is its sulfur, magnesium,
and calcium content.  Calcium carbonate is one of the causes of #mhardwater#m.

                          ...more on next page...
     There are an estimated 181,000 industrial surface impoundments (lagoons);
16,000 industrial landfill sites containing hazardous wastes; 18,500 known,
active municipal landfills; and 20 million septic systems in the United
States.  Virtually all of these are located in rural areas.  Each year, an
3.5 million to 21 million pounds of pesticides reach ground or surface water
before degradation.  Thirty-four states have identified agricultural nonpoint
source pollution as a major cause of non-achievement of state water quality
goals.  Twenty-nine states have identified nonpoint source pollution of
groundwater as a major concern and cited agricultural pesticides and septic
tank seepage as primary specific concerns.  In the mid 1970''s, elevated
nitrate levels attributed to fertilizer infiltration began to be detected in
rural groundwater supplies.  Nitrates are especially a problem when applied
over sandy soils or unconfined aquifers.  By the early 1980''s, several
incidents of groundwater contamination resulting from the field application of
pesticides had been confirmed.  Normal agricultural use has apparently led to
residues of 46 different pesticides in the groundwater of 26 states.
#mAgricultural chemicals#m play a major role in groundwater contamination.

                          ...more on next page...

     In Indiana, groundwater is usually very hard - with hardness
concentrations greater than 180 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium
carbonate.  Large concentrations of iron are also common.  In some areas of
the state, large concentrations of iron (as much as 3,000 micrograms/liter)
and manganese (as much as 1000 micrograms/liter) are present in the ground-
water.  The only other commonly occurring constituent of some concern is
sulfate, which exceeds the 250 milligram/liter drinking-water standard.  Most
of the water in Indiana, however, is #mpotable#m.  Water from 67 percent of
the public water-supply wells has been analyzed for organic compounds, and
water from about eight percent of those wells contained at least one
detectable organic compound.  Natural groundwater from all but very shallow
aquifers is usually considered free from pathogenic #mbacteria and viruses#m.




                          ...more on next page...

     The United States Environmental Protection Agency has identified 23
hazardous-waste sites in Indiana as of 1986 for inclusion on the National
Priorities List (NPL), or "Superfund", Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980.  The Interagency Groundwater
Task Force has estimated that as many as 50 of the 853 sites now undergoing
evaluation for inclusion on the NPL will be listed.  The U.S. Department of
Defense has identified 32 hazardous-waste sites at three facilities in
Indiana as having potential for contamination.  Six sites at two facilities
present a hazard significant enough to warrant response action in accordance
with CERCLA.  Hazardous wastes are disposed of at 28 Resources Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites.  The EPA has estimated that 500 public water
supplies in Indiana may have radium levels exceeding 5 picoCuries/liter as
#mradioactive contaminates#m.  Indiana has 113 solid-waste landfills that are
permitted by the State and 687 abandoned landfills.  About 95 solid waste
disposal landfills in Indiana which were once permitted are now closed.
Ninety-six of the 1,774 public water-supply wells (each serving more than 25
people) have water with detectable concentrations of dangerous organic
compounds.
                           ...more on next page...

     There are about 1,800 facilities which are reported to generate over
1,000 kilograms per month of hazardous waste in Indiana.  Annually, nearly 4
million tons of hazardous waste are generated in the state.  There are about
350 facilities where some 12 million tons per year of hazardous waste are
treated, stored or disposed (TSD).  A significant portion of this is from
out-of-state sources.  Thirty-four of these TSD sites are for land disposal
of hazardous waste in 26 landfills, 38 surface impoundments, and 3 land
application areas.
     Some public wells have already been seriously contaminated.  In the past
five years, at least 17 of those 1,774 water supply wells in the state were
taken out of service due to contamination.  The EPA results to date indicate
trace levels of synthetic organic chemicals in at least 96 of the wells, 47 of
which represented some cancer risk to about a quarter million users.



                          ...more on next page...

     Groundwater isn''t impervious to contamination as sometimes thought.
Although it is not as vulnerable as surface water, contaminates can still
reach wells and therefore one''s household.  A potential pollution problem can
still reach a well miles away through underground water currents.  For
example, a #mchemical spill#m at a industrial plant miles away could
infiltrate the ground and eventually enter the aquifer system that a entire
community uses for their private wells.  This situation could have
devastating effects.
     Of the reported spills during 1986, 50 percent occurred at industrial or
commercial facilities, 23 percent from transportation accidents, and 9 percent
from agricultural accidents.  The types of spilled materials were petroleum
products 49 percent, miscellaneous chemicals 18 percent, and agricultural
chemicals 12 percent.  The causes of these releases were due to equipment
failure in 38 percent of the incidents while employee error caused 21 percent,
and transportation accidents involved another 15 percent.
     Indiana is estimated to have over 60,000 buried storage tanks holding
motor fuels and chemicals.  According to the EPA it is estimated that 10-25
percent of the underground storage tanks across the country are leaking.
     Practically all users of groundwater are also its potential polluters.
').
end.

topic 'potable'.
window ('Potable Water',darkgray,green,yellow,,,,5).
say ('
     Potable means the water is free from disease-causing
organisms and contains no chemical amounts that exceed the
maximum allowable chemical concentrations.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'hardwater'.
window ('Hardwater',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,,8).
say ('
     Hardwater is a problem caused by excess quantities of
calcium carbonate and magnesium from soil and limestone.  The
general solution for this situation is to use a water softener.
Symptoms of this include soap deposits, scaly deposits in
plumbing and appliances, and decreased cleaning action of soaps
and detergents.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'agricultural chemicals'.
window ('Agricultural Chemicals',lightgreen,red,yellow).
say ('     Areas of potential contamination from pesticide and
fertilizer use include 1,437 counties - about 46 percent of the
counties in the continental U.S.  There are 814 counties with
potential pesticide contamination.  These are mainly located
along the Eastern Seaboard, Gulf Coast, and Upper Midwest.
Counties with potential nitrate contamination (from fertilizers)
total 309. These occur mainly in the Great Plains and portions of
the Northwest and Southwest.  Counties that have both pesticide
and nitrate contamination potential number 314.  These are
located chiefly in the Corn Belt, Lake States, and Northeast.
                    ...more on next page...

     The 1,437 counties with potential pesticide or nitrate
contamination are intensively farmed.  On average, 33 percent of
all land in the counties is in crops.  This compares with 16
percent nationwide.  More than 70 percent of the crop acreage is
devoted to corn, wheat, or soybeans.  Though strongly
agricultural, these counties are heavily populated -- 27 percent
of the land but 47 percent of the people.

                    ...more on next page...


     Recent EPA data indicates that of 45,000 wells around the
United States tested for pesticides, 5,500 had harmful levels of
of at least one pesticide, while an additional 5,500 had traces
of 73 different pesticides in amounts considered unharmful.  Of
those 73 pesticides, some can cause cancer, birth defects, and
genetic damage.
     This contamination is particularly serious for private
groundwater wells.  These wells are not covered by legislation,
so annual testing is imperative.
                    ...more on next page...

     According to the 1980 Census of Population and Housing on
drinking water sources, more than 50 million people rely on
groundwater for their drinking needs in these 1,437 potentially
contaminated counties.  Of these people, 19 million obtain their
water from private wells.  Private wells may be more vulnerable
than regulated public wells because they are often shallower and
not built as well.   More than 65 percent of these people live in
areas where only pesticide contamination potential exists.  Less
than 10 percent live in areas of nitrate contamination potential.
                    ...more on next page...
     Agricultural chemicals could affect a significant component
of the United States population - over 50 million people.  This
occurs because of the density of population in the areas affected
and their heavy reliance on groundwater and private wells.
Proper use and handling of agricultural chemicals, such as
#mback-siphoning prevention#m, can greatly reduce the chances of
water contamination.



                      ...more on next page...
     Although agricultural chemicals and fertilizers are
potential sources of groundwater contamination, proper management
can minimize the risk of contamination.  Proper timing and
application of agricultural chemicals greatly reduces the chance
of groundwater contamination.  Proper farmstead design and layout
can significantly reduce the chance of well contamination.
Surface runoff should not be allowed to pond near the surface of
wells.

                     ...more on next page...

     Animal waste is one of the greatest contributors to water
quality problems in Indiana.  Proper management and application
of animal wastes can minimize potential problems.  For additional
information concerning agricultural practices to reduce the risk
of water contamination, contact the #mCooperative Extension Service#m
at Purdue University.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'back-siphoning prevention'.
picture (backflow).
end.

topic 'bacteria and viruses'.
window ('Bacteria and Viruses',lightmagenta,red,yellow,,,,13).
say ('
     Pathogenic bacteria and viruses are generally absent from
aquifers.  Usually only shallow aquifers which are highly
susceptible to human waste will contain microorganisms harmful
to humans.  However, the general absence of pathogens (disease
causing organisms) in natural groundwater creates a false sense
of security which periodically is brought to fore when ground-
water in aquifers or in distribution systems is contaminated with
polluted water and when lack of chlorination or other types of
disinfection causes disease outbreaks.  Microbial life in an
aquifer is entirely possible, and nonpathogenic microorganisms
native to the aquifer may show up in well discharges.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'radioactive contaminates'.
window ('Radioactive Contaminates',lightcyan,brown,yellow,,,,12).
say ('
     Radium is the chief element in groundwater that produces a
threat to health from radioactivity.  One of the common isotopes
of radium, Ra-226, is the most toxic of all inorganic substances.
Despite this, it is found naturally in the ground.  Fifteen
community water systems in Texas are unable to meet proposed
radium concentration limits.  Because water stays in the ground
for such long periods of time, the potential for radioactive
contamination exists.  Regulators have set the #mradiation limits#m
so low that the biological effects are almost impossible to
detect.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'radiation limits'.
window ('Radiation Limits',lightcyan,green,yellow).
say ('         Radionuclide               Maximum Contaminant Level
--------------------------------|--------------------------------
Radium-226 and Radium-228       | Combined Limit of 5 pCi/L*
Gross Alpha Particle (including |
  radium-226 but excluding radon| No more than 4 millirem/year
  and uranium)                  |
Tritium                         | 20,000 pCi/L
Strontium-90                    | 8 pCi/L
--------------------------------|---------------------------------
* pCi/L = picoCurie per liter - the quantity of radioactive
  material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'chemical spill'.
write (con:,'#e').
picgraph (chem1).
picgraph (chem2).
picgraph (chem3).
picture (chem4).
end.

topic 'What if Groundwater becomes Contaminated?'.
say ('
              "What do I do if my water becomes contaminated?"

     The first obvious thing to do if your water becomes contaminated is to
proceed with #mwater testing#m to find the cause or causes.  Acceptable quality
depends on the ultimate use of the water.  Drinking water should be of high
quality - safe and palatable.  Potable means the water is free from disease-
causing organisms and contains no chemical amounts that exceed the maximum
#mallowable chemical concentrations#m.  #mPalatable water#m is water that is nice
to drink with an acceptable flavor, appearance, and odor.
     Soil-filtered water is not necessarily purified and safe.  Clear water
could contain microorganisms or unseen chemical contaminants.  Colored water,
on the other hand, is not always unsafe.  To know whether your water is
acceptable for its intends uses:
     - Determine the #mquality needed for each use#m;
     - Test the water for bacteriological quality;
     - Analyze for chemical quality;
     - #mTreat the water#m if needed.
                          ...more on next page...

     For more information on your groundwater supply in Indiana, contact:

                         Div. Public Water Supply
                         Indiana State Board of Health
                         1330 W. Michigan Street
                         Indianapolis, IN 46206
                         [phone]
').

topic 'water testing'.
say ('
     Testing is the responsibility of the homeowner.  State laws do not
require that private wells be tested except in some states during property
transfers.  Periodic monitoring is the only way to assure that your water
is safe to drink.
     The following institutions may be able to test your water
for a nominal fee:
     o Department of Public Health - state, county, or local;
     o State university laboratories;
     o State Department of Environmental Resources.

     Private laboratories are listed in the yellow pages under "Water,
quality" or "Laboratories, Testing."  Ask the laboratory if it is "certified
for testing."  The fees vary depending upon the laboratory and the tests you
request.


                          ...more on next page...


     Obtain a copy of your state drinking water standards (which will be at
least as strict as the federal ones and may include additional standards) from
your Public Health Department.  Request tests for bacteria and nitrates; if
you suspect that any other contaminants might be present, you should test for
those as well.  For example, if you live in a mining area, test for iron,
manganese, and aluminum; if near gas drilling operations, test for chlorides,
sodium, barium, lead, and strontium; in an agricultural area, test for
pesticides most commonly used by you and your neighbors.
     Accurate sampling is critically important.  Follow carefully the
instructions included from the laboratory.  Use only the sterile containers
provided and return samples promptly.  Failure to do so may result in
inaccurate tests.




                           ...more on next page...


     Test for bacteria and nitrates AT LEAST ONCE A YEAR and for other
chemicals every few years or more frequently if you have had recent problems.
Have the supply tested if you have drilled a new well or changed the pump or
plumbing; if you live near potentially polluting activities (mining, drilling,
toxic disposal sites, heavy applications of pesticides); or if you notice a
change in the color, taste, or odor of the water.
     Routine testing for private systems for a few of the most common
contaminants is highly recommended.  Even if you currently have a safe, pure
water supply, regular testing can be valuable because it established a record
of water quality.  This record can be helpful in solving any future problems
and in obtaining compensation if someone damages your water supply.




                          ...more on next page...


     Here is the suggested routine monitoring schedule:
    -- Once each year test for coliform bacteria, nitrate, pH and TDS (Total
     Dissolved Solids).  It is best to test for these contaminants during the
     spring or summer following a rainy period.  These tests should also be
     conducted after repairing or replacing an old well or pipes, and after
     installing a new well or pump.
    -- Every three (3) years test for sulfate, chloride, iron, manganese,
     lead, hardness and corrosion index.
    -- Also, test for nitrates during a pregnancy at the beginning, 6 months,
     and 6 months after birth.
    -- If nitrates aren''t found, it is likely that pesticides and other
     agricultural chemicals aren''t in large quantities either.

     The cost of testing water samples varies from several dollars to several
thousand dollars depending on the detail of the test.  Before testing water,
an estimate of the cost should be obtained.
     A list of #mlaboratories#m that test water samples is available.
                          ...more on next page...

     For additional information concerning groundwater and groundwater
quality, contact:

                      #mCooperative Extension Service#m

                     #mAgricultural Water Quality Initiative#m

                      #mWater Resources Research Center#m
').
end.

topic 'laboratories'.
window ('Water Testing Laboratories',lightgreen,red,yellow,,,,12).
say ('
     Laboratory addresses are available for the following cities
in Indiana:
          #mClarksville#m            #mIndianapolis#m
          #mColumbus#m               #mLaOtto#m
          #mElkhart#m                #mMadison#m
          #mEvansville#m             #mMuncie#m
          #mFort Wayne#m             #mSouth Bend#m
          #mGoshen#m                 #mValparaiso#m
          #mHammond#m                #mWarsaw#m
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Clarksville'.
window ('Clarksville',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,31,6).
say ('
Environmental Consultants, Inc.
391 Newman Avenue
Clarksville, IN 47130
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Columbus'.
window ('Columbus',lightcyan,red,yellow,,,30,6).
say ('
SIECO Environmental Laboratory
629 Washington
Columbus, IN 47201
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Elkhart'.
window ('Elkhart',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,54,11).
say ('
Consumer Healthcare Division - Microbiology Laboratory
1127 Myrtle Street
Elkhart, IN 46514
TEL: [phone]

Mansfield Laboratories, Inc.
53518 1/2 County Road 9, North
Elkhart, IN 46514
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Evansville'.
window ('Evansville',lightcyan,brown,yellow,,,27,11).
say ('
Core Laboratories, Inc.
2315 Glenview Avenue
Evansville, IN 47712
TEL: [phone]

National Laboratories, Inc.
105 South Baker
Evansville, IN 47712
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Fort Wayne'.
window ('Fort Wayne',lightcyan,brown,yellow,,,30,11).
say ('
Edglo Laboratories, Inc.
2107 East Washington Blvd.
Fort Wayne, IN 46803
TEL: [phone]

A & L Labs
Great Lakes Laboratories, Inc.
3505 Consetoga Dr.
Ft. Wayne, IN 46808
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Goshen'.
window ('Goshen',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,23,6).
say ('
Dairy Farms Products
1110 South Ninth Street
Goshen, IN 46526
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Hammond'.
window ('Hammond',lightcyan,red,yellow,,,44,6).
say ('
Microbac Laboratories Inc. - Seaway Division
542-544 Conkey Street
Hammond, IN 46324
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Indianapolis'.
window ('Indianapolis',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,38,11).
say ('
NET Midwest, Inc.
6964 Hillsdale Court
Indianapolis, IN 46250
TEL: [phone]

Consumer Products, Inc.
9550 Zionsville Road
Indianapolis, IN 46268
TEL: [phone]
        ...more on next page...
Mosely Laboratories, Inc.
3862  East Washington Street
Indianapolis, IN 46201
TEL: [phone]

OA Laboratories, Inc.
1437 Sadler Circle
West Drive
Indianapolis, IN 46239
TEL: [phone]
       ...more on next page...

Engineering and Testing Services, Inc.
6201 Coffman Road
Indianapolis, IN 46269
TEL: [phone]

Environmental Service Group
520 Virginia Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46203
TEL: [phone]
       ...more on next page...

ATEC
5150 East 65th Street
Indianapolis, IN 46220-4871
TEL: [phone]

EMS Laboratories
7901 West Morris Street
Indianapolis, IN
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'LaOtto'.
window ('LaOtto',lightmagenta,red,yellow,,,31,6).
say ('
Pollution Control Systems, Inc.
CR 550 South, Box 17
LaOtto, IN 46763
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Madison'.
window ('Madison',lightgreen,red,yellow,,,26,6).
say ('
Environmental Laboratories
635 Green Road Box 972
Madison, IN 47250
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Muncie'.
window ('Muncie',lightcyan,red,yellow,,,25,11).
say ('
Division of Water Quality
5002 Kilgore Avenue
Muncie, IN 47304
TEL: [phone]

Sherry Laboratories
P.O. Box 2847
2203 South Madison Street
Muncie, IN 47307-0847
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'South Bend'.
window ('South Bend',lightmagenta,brown,yellow,,,35,11).
say ('
EIS Environmental Engineers, Inc.
1701 North Ironwood Drive
South Bend, IN 46635
TEL: [phone]

Williams Laboratory Service, Inc.
1843 Commerce Drive
South Bend, IN 46628
TEL: [phone]
      ...more on next page...

Ames Quality Assurance Microbiology
4315 South Lafayette Boulevard
South Bend, IN 46614
TEL: [phone]

MAS Technology Corporation
430 North Michigan Street
South Bend, IN 46601
TEL: [phone]
      ...more on next page...
Environmental Health Laboratories
430 North Michigan Street
South Bend, IN 46601
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Valparaiso'.
window ('Valparaiso',lightcyan,red,yellow,,,21,6).
say ('
Northern Laboratories
158 Napolean Street
Valparaiso, IN 46383
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Warsaw'.
window ('Warsaw',lightgreen,red,yellow,,,24,12).
say ('
Micon Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 713
320 North McKinley
Warsaw, IN 46580
TEL: [phone]

Turner Technologies
P.O. Box 1096
Warsaw, IN 46580
TEL: [phone]
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Water Resources Research Center'.
window ('Water Resources Research Center',lightgreen,red,yellow).
say ('
              Water Resources Research Center (WRRC)
              Jeff Wright, Director
              Purdue University
              West Lafayette, IN 47907

              Phone: [phone]



                    ...more on next page...

     Educational programs and interdisciplinary investigations in
water resources are coordinated by the Water Resources Research
Center, a constituent component of the Purdue University Natural
Resources Research Institute.  The center administers the federal
and state cooperative research and training program as instituted
by the Water Resources Research Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-242) under
the auspice of the United States Geological Survey in the U.S.
Department of the Interior.

                     ...more on next page...

     The objective of the Water Resources Research Center is to
bring the intellectual and physical resources of the University
to bera on the solution of the increasingly important scientific,
technical, economic, and management problems associated with
quantity and quality aspects of the development, use, and conser-
vation of our water resources.  The center also has the
responsibility for the dissemination of technical information.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Agricultural Water Quality Initiative'.
window ('Agricultural Water Quality Initiative',lightcyan,red,yellow).
say ('
          Agricultural Water Quality Initiative
          Dennis Le Master, Chairman
          Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
          Purdue University
          West Lafayette, IN 47907

          [phone]

                   ...more on next page...

     The purpose of the Agricultural Water Quality Initiative are
to facilitate development and dissemination of polity-relevant
knowledge on the effects of agricultural practices and chemicals
on water quality and to encourage appropriate policies to assure
adequate supplies of quality ground and surface water.  Strong
efforts are made to ensure this initiative is integrated with
existing agricultural and water resources research programs so
they complement one another, as well as existing educational
programs offered by Schools of Agriculture and Engineering and
the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences.
                    ...more on next page...
     The goals of the Agricultural Water Quality Initiative are:

     (1) To improve knowledge on the impact of pollutants from
         agricultural activities on ground and surface water,
     (2) To promote adoption and implementation of appropriate
         policies to assure water quality protection, and
     (3) To develop and disseminate knowledge on cost-effective
         agricultural systems that protect water quality.

     Included among the activities of the Initiative are:
                     ...more on next page...
     1. Increase knowledge on the detection, identification,
        fate, and effects of agricultural pollutants in ground
        and surface waters.
     2. Determine the effects of agricultural and silvicultural
        management practices on pollution by pesticides and other
        chemicals.
     3. Develop and evaluate alternative crop, soil, water
        management, and animal waste systems to minimize
        degradation of water quality.

                     ...more on next page...
     4. Determine the effects of agricultural pollutants on
        aquatic ecosystems and their uses.
     5. Monitor water supplies and collect data to determine more
        accurately the extent of ground and surface water
        pollution.
     6. Conduct training programs for agriculturists on
        management practices and use of chemicals to protect the
        quality of both ground and surface water.
     7. Conduct educational programs for the general public to
        create a better understanding of water quality issues.
                     ...more on next page...
     8. Perform policy analysis on legislative and regulatory
        proposals with regard to agricultural activities and
        water quality.
     The Agricultural Water Quality Initiative is a recognized
unit in the School of Agriculture, providing both a coordinating
and service role.  It operates in the organizational context of
the #mCooperative Extension Service#m, the Agricultural Experiment
Station, the #mWater Resources Research Center#m, and academic
departments within and outside the School of Agriculture.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'treat the water'.
window ('Treating the Water',lightgreen,brown,yellow,,,,13).
say ('
     Devices to treat water in the home can be helpful.  Usually
these devices are used for #m"point-of-use" treatment#m such as in
the kitchen to purify water for food preparation.  These devices
must be chosen very carefully, however, according to the particular
contaminates in the water and must also be well maintained to
continue to treat the water.  They are not appropriate for
removal of constant high levels of contaminants and do not
prevent health problems which may be caused by bathing in water
containing high levels of toxic chemicals.  For this reason,
carbon filter treatment may be necessary for the entire house as
"point-of-entry" treatment.
').
close_window ().

topic '"point-of-use" treatment'.
picture ('treat').
end.

end.

topic 'allowable chemical concentrations'.
window ('Allowable Chemical Concentrations').
say ('   Maximum Concentration in mg/l
------------------------------------|
Arsenic  0.05        Lead      0.05 | Private Water Systems
Barium   1.00        Mercury   0.002| Handbook, Midwest Plan
Cadmium  0.01        Nitrate   10.0 | Service, Iowa University,
                     (Nitrogen)     | Ames, Iowa 50011.
Chromium 0.05        Selenium  0.01 |
Fluoride 1.4-2.4 *   Silver    0.05 |
For #mdelivered water#m the requirements change.
* Consult your local health authority for maximum fluoride levels
  in your area.
').
close_window ().

topic 'delivered water'.
window ('Delivered Water',darkgray,green,yellow,,,,14).
say ('                     Secondary Maximum Levels
Contaminate        Level           Contaminate        Level
---------------------------------|-------------------------------
Chloride           250 mg/l      | Manganese          0.05 mg/l
Color              15 color units| Odor               3 threshold
Copper             1 mg/l        |                      odor ##
Corrosivity        Non-Corrosive | pH                 6.5 - 8.5
Foaming Agents     0.5 mg/l      | Sulfate            250 mg/l
Hydrogen Sulfide   0.5 mg/l      | TDS                500 mg/l
Iron               0.3 mg/l      | Zinc               5 mg/l
Private Water Systems Handbook, Midwest Plan Service, Iowa
University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
').
close_window ().
end.

end.

topic 'palatable water'.
window ('Palatable Water',lightgreen,cyan,yellow).
say ('
     Water to be palatable must be non-offensive to the taste,
smell, or sight.  Chemicals that cause odor and/or taste are
listed on the next page.  Many individuals will accept greater
concentrations than those listed.  Remove all visible and
odorous materials, even though they may not cause disease, from
water to be used in the home.


                    ...more on next page...

Chemical         Concentration  Chemical          Concentration
------------------------------|----------------------------------
Chlorides        100-250 mg/l | Copper            1 mg/l
Total Dissolved               | Hydrogen Sulfide  0.1-0.2 mg/l
  Solids         500-1000 mg/l| Iron              0.1-0.2 mg/l
                              | Zinc              5 mg/l
                              | A B S (Detergent) 0.5 mg/l
                              | Phenol            0.001 mg/l
Private Water Systems Handbook, Midwest Plan Service, Iowa
University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
').
close_window ().
end.

end.

topic 'quality needed for each use'.
window ('Quality Needed for each Use',lightmagenta,red,yellow,,,,14).
say ('                        Safe   Palatable   Soft*   Non-Staining
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Drinking                  X        X
Food Preparation          X        X         X          X
Personal Hygiene          X        X         X          X
Dish and Utensil Washing  X                  X          X
Clothes Washing           X                  X          X
Toilet Flushing                                         X
------Private Water Systems Handbook, Midwest Plan Service,------
              Iowa University, Ames, Iowa, 50011.
* #mSoftened water#m may not be recommended for a person on a
low-salt diet.  Consult your doctor.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'softened water'.
window ('Soft Water',lightcyan,brown,yellow,,,,13).
say ('
     "Soft water" is a relative term, but water to be soft must
contain low amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium, which
cause water to be hard.
           Milligrams per Liter    Grains per Gallon
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Soft          0 to 60 mg/l            0 to 3.5 gpg
Moderate      61 to 120 mg/l          3.5 to 7 gpg
Hard          121 to 180 mg/l         7 to 10.5 gpg
Very Hard     over 180 mg/l           over 10.5 gpg
Private Water Systems Handbook, Midwest Plan Service, Iowa
University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Further Reading'.
say ('     If you have a particular interest in groundwater, or if some other topic
in this program has interested you, check out the following list of materials.
     Groundwater Hydrology.  Herman Bouwer.  R. R. Donnelly & Sons Company.
          McGraw-Hill, Inc.  New York.  1978.
     Hydrology for Engineers.  Ray K. Kinsley, Jr., Max A. Kohler,
          Joseph L. H. Paulhus.  R. R. Donnelly & Sons Company.  McGraw-Hill,
          Inc.  New York.  1982.
     Groundwater and Wells. Fletcher G. Driscoll, Ph. D.  Johnson Division,
          St. Paul, Minnesota.  1986.
     Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.  Glen O. Schwab,
          Richard K. Frevert, Talcott W. Edminster, Kenneth K. Barnes.  John
          Wiley and Sons, Inc.  New York.  1981.
     The Protection of Indiana''s Groundwater - Strategy and Draft
          Implementation Plan.  1987.
     National Water Summary 1986.  U. S. Geological Survey.  U. S. Government
          Printing Office.  1986.

     Also available is a list of the #mCooperative Extension Service#m materials
relevant to groundwater.
').
end.
topic 'Cooperative Extension Service'.
window ('Cooperative Extension Service',lightcyan,blue,yellow,1,1,80,19).
say ('
     Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Information Materials

     The following materials can be obtained through:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Agricultural Communication Service
                     Media Distribution Center
                     301 South Second Street
                     Lafayette, Indiana 47905-1092

                     [phone] - Hours 8-5, M-F
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     The Cooperative Extension Service

                              [phone]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           ...more on next page...

  Conservation and Quality...
     AE-114 Terracing as a "Best Management Practice" for Controlling Erosion
            and Protecting Water Quality. 1981
     AY-222 Conservation Tillage to Maintain Soil Productivity and Improve
            Water Quality. 1979
     FNR-88 Forestry and Water Quality: Pollution Control Practices. 1978
     FNR-89 Criteria for Evaluating Forestry Activities in Relation to Water
            Quality Management. 1978
     ID-92  Conservation Problems Here? 1973
     PN-3   Interactions of Water, Plants and Soil in the Erosion Process.1978
     PN-4   Value of the "Universal Soil Loss Equation" to the Water Quality
            Management Planning. 1979
     PN-5   Conservation Measures for Erosion-Sediment Control - Types of
            Practices and Assistance Available in Applying Them. 1979
     PN-6   Effects of Plant Nutrients on Water Quality in Indiana. 1979
     PN-7   Effects of Animal Agriculture on Water Quality in Indiana. 1979
     PN-8   Urban Area Runoff as Source of Nonpoint Pollution. 1980
     PN-10  Available Publications Pertaining to the Control of Nonpoint-
            Source Water Pollution. 1980          ...more on next page...

  Systems and Supply...
     NCH-31 Safety Tips and Safety Devices for Irrigation Equipment. 1986
     NCH-41 Irrigation Water Quality and Corn Production. 1987
     MWPS-14 Private Water Systems Handbook. 1973 ($4.00)
     F-2274 Water-Quality Improvements for Farmstead and Rural Home Water
            Systems. 1984

Natural Resource Development and Environmental Issues...
     EC-594 Water Resources and Rights: Emerging Issues. 1984 ($1.00)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Except for MWPS-14 and EC-594, these documents are free if ordered in
       low quantities.  Contact the above address for more information.
').
close_window ().
end.

topic 'Questionnaire'.

say ('#fblue #bwhite #e
     This is a questionnaire based upon groundwater supply and testing.

     All of the questions require a simple Yes or No answer.  When the prompt
appears ("=>") for the appropriate question, type your answer - Yes or No.
You may use the Backspace key to change your answer.  Once you are satisfied
with your answer, press the Enter key.  This will bring you to the next
question.  Please type the entire word of Yes or No instead of just Y or N.
').
write (con:,'#fyellow #blightred #e  Do you...
 - Have limestone bedrock fairly close to the surface?
 - Have sandy soils?
 - Have water tables within 30 ft. of the surface?
 - Have a dug or sandpoint well less than 50 ft. deep?
 - Have your well''s casing at or below ground level?
 - Have your well improperly grouted to prevent contamination?
 - Have a well pit, uncapped well, or abandoned well?
 - Have an older submersible well pump?
 - Have lead water pipes or lead-soldered pipe joints?
 - Use your well for both animals and household use?
 - Have livestock/poultry within 200 ft. of a well?
 - Have a feedlot, manure lagoon, or holding facility?
 - Have a septic tank/field within 75 ft. of a well?
             - or 150 ft. in the case of sandy soil.
 - Have a surface water drainage well?
 - Have a farm dump?
 - Have an underground fuel tank?
 - Dump or spread used oil to control road dust?').
test is no. coord is 2. coordmax is 15.
do (answer).
coord is 16. coordmax is 20.
do (answer).
if ?test is yes then do (bad) else do (good).

topic answer.
while ?coord < ?coordmax then
     move_cursor (65,?coord) and
     coord is ?coord + 1 and
     read_response ('',ans,'No') and
     if ?ans is 'Yes' then test is 'Yes'.
end.

topic bad.
say ('
     You stated that one or more of the previous questions was a problem that
needed attention.  You should definitely begin a program of annual water
testing.  Also, you should pay special attention to reducing your system''s
pollution potential and/or reduce your production costs.
').
end.

topic good.
say ('
     You stated that NONE of the previous questions were any problem in your
system.  Congratulations!!  It is still suggested, however, that you check
your water annually for any possible developing problems.
').
end.

end.

topic 'Review'.
list is ['Definition of Groundwater','Importance of Groundwater',
          'Contamination of Groundwater',
          'What if Groundwater becomes Contaminated?','Quit'].
write (con:,'#e     Which section would you like to review?').
move_cursor (5,5).
menu (choice,?list).
if ?choice <> 'Quit' then do (?choice) and do ('Review').
end.

topic 'The Quiz'.
ask ('
     Would you like to review any of the groundwater sections?',
      ans,['Yes','No']).
if ?ans is 'Yes' then do ('Review').
say ('
     You will be asked a series of twenty-five questions pertaining to
groundwater.  Every question is a multiple choice type question.  Read the
question and choose the correct answer.  Select the answer and press either
Enter or your left mouse button.  At the end of the quiz, you will be shown
the total number of right and wrong answers along with a percent score.

     To select an answer, use the cursor (arrows) keys or the mouse.  When
you have highlighted your choice, press Enter or the Left mouse button.
').
read_response ('#e Please enter your name (First and Last):',name).
write ('grades.dat',?name).
count=0. right=0. wrong=0. percent=0.
while ?count <25 then
     count = ?count + 1 and
     do ('next question') and
     do ('ask question').
wrong=25-?right. percent=?right*4.
close ('quiz.txt').
say ('
     Here are your results:

     You got#s',?right,'#lquestions correct.

     You got#s',?wrong,'#lquestions wrong.


     You got#s',?percent,'% #lof the questions right.

').
write ('grades.dat',['#s Number Right =',?right,'; Number Wrong =',?wrong,';
Percent Score =',?percent,'% #l #n ']).
close ('grades.dat').

topic 'next question'.
quest=read_line ('quiz.txt').
answer1=read_line ('quiz.txt').
answer2=read_line ('quiz.txt').
answer3=read_line ('quiz.txt').
answer4=read_line ('quiz.txt').
correct=read_line ('quiz.txt').
dummy=read_line ('quiz.txt').
end.

topic 'ask question'.
write (con:,'#e #s #o
     Question ##',?count,'                        Name : ',?name,'#l

     ',?quest,' #i



     ').
choice is 0.
menu (choice,[?answer1,?answer2,?answer3,?answer4]).
if ?choice is ?correct then right=?right+1 and write (con:,'RIGHT!') else
     write (con:,'WRONG.').
write (con:,'#n ',?correct,'#w ').
end.

end.

end.

end.